Sunday, January 26, 2020
Analysing The Hellenization Of Christianity Religion Essay
Analysing The Hellenization Of Christianity Religion Essay At the time of the Early EkklÃâââ¬Å"sia there was an ongoing conflict between Hebrew Judaism and Hellenic Judaism. The Maccabean war of independence, fought through to 139 BCE, wasnt just about foreign rule, but also about those Jews embracing Hellenism, a civil war, as it were, between Orthodox and Hellenistic Judaism. Hellenic Judaism was the fusing and harmonization of Greek philosophy and Judaism, where the practices of both Jewish exegesis and Stoic philosophy were followed. Those propagating this Hellenistic Philosophy included the Jewish philosopher Philoi of Alexandria (20 BCE 50 CE ). Hellenistic Philosophy, as espoused by Philo, was enthusiastically received by the early Gentile Christians, some of whom saw him as a cryptic Christian. Some today believe his concept of the Logosii as Gods creative principle influenced early Christology.iii Mainstream Judaism rejecting Hellenistic currents eventually (at the Council of Jamnia in 90 CE) prohibited the use of the Septuagintiv, leaving the Masoreticv as the only authoritative Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible. Antecedent to this, the Apostolic Decree of circa 48 CE (Acts 15) allowing converts to forgo circumcision made Christianity a more attractive option for interested Pagans than Pharisaic/Rabbinic Judaism which, in response to this quickly-growing Netzarim Judaism, instituted an even more stringent circumcision procedure in response. Hellenistic Judaism continue in existence until Constantine adopted Christianity as the official State religion. Remaining currents of Hellenistic Judaism in all probability, as would be expected, merged into gnostic movements in the early centuries CE. The Hellenization of Christianity was a complex interaction between Hellenistic philosophy and early Christianity during the first four centuries of the Common Era. The initial conflict between these two modes of thought is recorded in scripture; in Pauls encounters with Epicurean and Stoic philosophers in Acts 17:18, his diatribe against Greek philosophy in 1st Corinthians 1:18-31, and his warning against philosophy in Colossians 2:8vi. Over time, however, as Christianity spread throughout the Hellenic world, an increasing number of church leaders were educated in Greek philosophy. The dominant philosophical traditions of the Greco-Roman world at the time were Stoicism, Platonism, and Epicureanism. Of these, Stoicism and particularly Platonism were readily incorporated into Christian ethics and theology. Philos blend of Judaism, Platonism, and Stoicismvii strongly influenced Christian Alexandrian writers like Origen and Clement of Alexandria, as well as, in the Latin world, Ambrose of Milan. Clement of Alexandria, early Christian writer of the second and early third century, demonstrated Greek thought in writing: Philosophy has been given to the Greeks as their own kind of Covenant, their foundation for the philosophy of Christ the philosophy of the Greeks contains the basic elements of that genuine and perfect knowledge which is higher than human even upon those spiritual objects. (Miscellanies 6. 8) The Church historian Eusebius, c. 263-339 CE, suggested, essentially, that Greek philosophy had been supplied providentially as a preparation for the Gospel. Augustine of Hippo, who ultimately systematized Christian philosophy, wrote in the 4th and early fifth century: But when I read those books of the Platonists I was taught by them to seek incorporeal truth, so I saw your invisible things, understood by the things that are made. (Confessions 7. 20). This Greek pagan philosophy, now deeply entrenched and mixed within Christian theology, has persisted through the centuries becoming the foundation of Western thought and culture. Many today often blindly view the founding fathers of the United States as purely Christian. One of the most common statements from the Religious Right is that they want this country to; return to the Christian principles on which it was founded. However, even a little research into American history will show that this statement is unfounded and based on a false premise. The men responsible for building the foundation of the United States had little use for Christianity, and many were strongly opposed to it. They were men of The Enlightenment, not men of Christianity. They were Deistsviii who did not believe the bible was inspired truth. Indubitably, the US Constitution is a masterpiece of civil law providing for, among other things, the protection of religious beliefs against Governmental intrusion allowing the free exercise thereof, while at the same time wonderfully preventing the establishment of religious domination via state sanctioned religion. It was the latter of these two concepts that most concerned the signers of the Declaration of Independence and Framers of the Constitution, with but tolerance of the former. They wanted to ensure that no single religion could make the claim of being the official, national religion, such as was the case in England. The cultural climate of the time was one in which freedom from the religious domination of the Church of England and Catholicism was desired by the masses, which provided a perfect habitat for those of the Enlightenment. The 1796 treaty with Tripoli states that the United States was in no sense founded on the Christian religion. This was not an idle statement, meant to satisfy Muslims they believed it and meant it. This treaty was written under the presidency of George Washington and signed under the presidency of John Adams. None of the Founding Fathers were known atheists. Most were Deists, which is to say they thought the universe had a creator, but that he does not concern himself with the daily lives of humans, and does not directly communicate with humans, either by revelation or by sacred books. They spoke often of God, (Natures God or the God of Nature), but this was not the God of the Bible. They did not deny that there was a person called Jesus, and praised him for his benevolent teachings, but they flatly denied his divinity. These Founders of the Constitution were students of the European Enlightenmentix. Thomas Jefferson author of the Declaration of Independence and the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, third president of the United States, historian, philosopher, plantation owner, and founder of the University of Virginia voiced the aspirations of a new America as no other individual of his era. He also in his writings voiced his beliefs: As you say of yourself, I too am an Epicurian. I consider the genuine (not the imputed) doctrines of Epicurus as containing everything rational in moral philosophy which Greece and Rome have left us. Epictetus indeed, has given us what was good of the stoics; I take the liberty of observing that you are not a true disciple of our master Epicurus, in indulging the indolence to which you say you are yielding. One of his canons, you know, was that the indulgence which prevents a greater pleasure, or produces a greater pain, is to be avoided. Jeffersons letter to William Short, from Monticello, October 31, 1819. But while this syllabus is meant to place the character of Jesus in its true and high light, as no impostor himself, but a great Reformer of the Hebrew code of religion, it is not to be understood that I am with Him in all His doctrines. I am a Materialist; he takes the side of Spiritualism; he preaches the efficacy of repentance towards forgiveness of sin; Jeffersons letter to William Short, from Monticello August 4, 1820. That being said, it is easy to see that the aforementioned tolerance of religious freedom, was in reality a bulwark for the benefit of The Enlightenment, not the Pious, and in this age that bulwark being no longer necessary is coming to an end. For two-hundred plus years we, in this United States of America, have enjoyed freedom of Religion so that those of the Enlightenment could enjoy their freedom from Religion. But figuratively speaking, the air of tolerance toward Judeo-Christian beliefs is wisping away, leaving the putrid stench of moral corruption and malicious bigotry toward anyone who identifies with Yeshua and the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. But know this, that in the last days grievous times shall come. For men shall be lovers of self, lovers of money, boastful, haughty, railers, disobedient to parents, unthankful, unholy, without natural affection, implacable, slanderers, without self-control, fierce, no lovers of good, traitors, headstrong, puffed up, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God; holding a form of godliness, but having denied the power thereof [emphasisà added]: from these also turn away. (2Timothy 3:1-5). Like the parable of the Kingdom of Heaven of Matt 13; at the founding of the United States of America two seeds were sown. Two hundred years later in these last days the two seeds have grown to maturity. And now the tares are fully distinguishable from the wheat. For the American believers there has been a two-hundred year bastion of grace, to grow into the maturity of the Word, and to shine above the philosophies of this world. And now you see, God had afforded us a little more time in these last days to fulfill His purposes. Not waring in the flesh but; pulling down imaginations and every high thing that exalts itself against the knowledge of God, and bringing into captivity every thought into the obedience of Christ (2Cor. 10:5 MKJV) . For so is the will of God, that with well doing ye may put to silence the ignorance of foolish men: As free, and not using your liberty for a cloak of maliciousness, but as the servants of God. (1Peter 2:15-16 ASV).
Friday, January 17, 2020
I’M Their
Essay 2. In what ways do your academic background and recent professional or managerial experience provide evidence of your potential for success in the program you selected? In your eventual career? Please provide specific examples of relevant coursework and/or experience. Majoring[Major] in International Economics and Trade, I have built a sound academic background of economics and finance during four years of undergraduate study in School of Economics, Fudan University.Through a series of curricular and research projects, I developed sound theoretical knowledge and strong analytical ability. My personality and ambition was shaped by active participation in various leadership positions and experience of professional practice. [I dont like this beginner, since itââ¬â¢s too plain and not impressive something no other than a narration. Ordinarily, you should figure out the very important perspective of yourself which can ensure reader of your suitability tp this program, if not ext inguishment, e. . Your career goal, some specific internship, courses or research project arouse your great interest in some parts of this program. ] During the first two years of my undergraduate study, I have taken a wide range of courses. Basic core courses such as Political Economics, Micro and Macroeconomics empowered me to construct theoretical framework of economics, while Advanced Mathematics, Linear Algebra, Statistics, Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics enabled me to apply quantitative methods to economic analysis. Referring some courses correlated to the program, for example, since itââ¬â¢s under the B-school, some finance, strategy, marketing and other practical courses youââ¬â¢ve enrolled in could be figured out. ] My talents revealed when it comes to international economics, in which not only did I achieve top grades but also proactively conducted a series of research projects. Through studying Western Economic History, Introduction to world economy, International trade, and International Economic Cooperation, I have gained deeper understanding about international economics and complex relations among the worldââ¬â¢s major economies.My coursework covered various issues including FDI, Merger & Acquisition, the manor system of West Europe and the trading structure between China and US, and my term paper on The Origins of Three Major Crisis In The 20th Century ââ¬â the Great Depression, the financial crisis in East Asia in 1997 and the Subprime Mortgage Crisis was one of the best in my class. [This paragraph is nice and useful. ]Meanwhile, I was the Vice General Secretary of the school students union and Vice President of FDU X-Games Club, both[All of the ] managerial[administrative] positions lasted for one year[You should delete it for one year is no better than not referred to] and greatly enhanced my leadership, creativity and sense of responsibility. My junior year was a very productive year, with excellent academic res ults that won me a scholarship for academic session 2011-2012, three research projects respectively concerning M&A, RMB equilibrium exchange rate and deindustrialization, and several well-constructed term papers.Equipped with knowledge and analytical skills gained from previous study, I started my trials in more complex researches. Apart from course study, I was devoted to a research project with Professor Dazhong Cheng on Chinese firmsââ¬â¢ cross-border merger and acquisition from the perspective of heterogeneous firms internationalization theory, which is a part of his research project funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 71272069).I was responsible for collecting and selecting massive amounts of data, translating company information between English and Chinese, and processing data using such software packages as STATA and EVIEWS. This research experience has enhanced my understanding of merger and acquisition at the micro level, as well as trained my practical ability of solving problems using econometric methods. [As far as I know, the program of MAief is a very practical one which is aiming to provide its enrollers a wealthy professional trainee, so the research experience seems like redundant.Just take more efforts to your professional experience, your working endeavors your personal characteristics, and some special things to distinguish you. ] It was during the study of International Finance, Monetary Economics and Investments that I discovered pure interest and real passion in finance. These courses are highly demanding, taught with most up-to-date case analysis, group discussions and large amounts of literature reading. Being self-motivated, I found myself well adapted to this learning mode.I organized group projects on RMB equilibrium exchange rate and tools of monetary policy as group leader, presented learning outcome at class seminars. I led my team zealously participated in the class debate, and ranked 1st in perfor mance graded by committee consists of the professor and teaching assistants. [Your interests, your career goals should be put as very beginning as possible, since those things are the admission committee finding for to judge whether you are thoughtful, promising, and suitable for their program.While ] The deeper I [get]involved, the more fascinated I became. In order to gain better understanding of the financial market through practice, I became an intern at the Settlement Center of Bank of East Asia (China) Limited in the summer of 2012 after standing out from dozens of competitors. The Settlement Center is responsible for concentrated treasury management of BEA China, including the clearing and settlement of bonds, currencies, financial derivatives and the associated financial risk management.During the 4-month internship, I took prime responsibility in collecting capital adequacy ratio data and foreign exchange positions data from branches, then analyzed the data and compiled acc urate statements and reports for the team to conduct effective management. My working passion also lies in risk management of securities by revaluation and credit evaluation. I assisted mark-to-market accounting, as well as analysis of bondsââ¬â¢ issuersââ¬â¢ annual reports.My initiative and devotion has earned first-rate recommendation of the Department Head of the Settlement Center. Apart from daily work, I also voluntarily worked on the communication and cooperation between the back office and the front desk, which enhanced operation efficiency of both the Settlement Center and the Treasury Division. Impressed by my effort, the President of the Treasury Division offered me an opportunity to join the division as a trainee to work with and learn from experienced colleagues.The exposure in the front desk triggered my enthusiasm for the fast-changing financial markets, while the diligent practice at the Settlement Center reinforced my systematic comprehension of banking busines ses. [You put too much narration, what about mentioning some difficulties, challenges, harshy time or even failure you came across during these time, and how you deal with them beat them and pull yourself back. If no immediate scripts, just imagine some, thatââ¬â¢s OK. ]This professional experience has shaped my analytical abilities and interpersonal skills, as well as my career goals. I am highly willing to work as a financial analyst in an investment bank, an asset management company or a financial consulting firm after earning a M. A. in International Economics and Finance. Eventually, with financial expertise and first-hand experience, I will realize my long-term goal of founding an investment company specialized in investment portfolios management.I am on the way towards my portrayed blueprint, and the distinguished MAief program of Brandeis IBS would be one milestone along the expedition. [To end up your personal statement, the safest way is to explain your deficits through which you could express your eagerness of being admitted by Brandeis (also you could flatter it as your dream school and ideal program), underscore your insatiability of strengthening yourself and reiterate about your career goal in details. ] If I were you, I will Ar the very beginning,g
Thursday, January 9, 2020
Master Craftsmen in the Medieval - 598 Words
I like crafts that are made out of necessity because theyre a little naive - you made it because you needed it.- Amy Sedaris. Master craftsmen during the Medieval Ages created items needed for the kingdom to thrive. Craftsmen included candle makers, shoemakers, and farmers, but the most famous craftsmen were blacksmiths, carpenters, and masons. Every type of craftsmen were in groups called guilds and every guild needed to cooperate. If one guild failed to meet its needs, then the whole medieval structure will fail, causing the kingdom to fall. Carpenters, masons, and blacksmiths were important craftsmen in building castles and villages and you had to go through apprenticeship for many years before becoming one of the three master craftsmen. Before becoming a master craftsman, the child started their training at the age of eleven or twelve and became an apprentice. A child would be able to choose his own profession or follow the family business. Some craftsmen that a child can become include: carpenters, masons, and blacksmiths The apprentice would last from five to nine years depending on the trade. He received no wages and could not marry until he was a journeyman. After finishing apprenticeship, the apprentice became a journeyman. A journeyman received money for his labour and bought supplies that he needed. During his own time, he created a Masterpiece and later presented it to his group of craftsmen, or guild, to see if he was ready to be a Master,Show MoreRelatedEssay about The Importance of Merchants in Medieval Time s566 Words à |à 3 PagesDuring the Medieval Times, merchants were just as important and wealthy as the lords and nobles. The way they would go about their wealth was getting an education to learn how to think, count, information about the world, interest rates, exchange rates, and many more information that relates to dealing with money and trade. Education has always been important to create opportunities to have successful jobs and it was interesting to read that in Medieval Times education was considered more of a hobbyRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution : New Objects, Materials, And Technology1341 Words à |à 6 Pagesindustry and other programmable machines, such as computers. The French government loved Jacquardââ¬â¢s loom. The loom served as the spur for the technological revolution of the textile industry and is the basis of the modern automatic loom. In 1806 the master of the weaver s guild in Lyon commanded the public destruction of the new loom as it was perceived t o pose a threat to jobs in the weaving trade. Despite the initial resistance, the new looms gained widespread use throughout France. Not only couldRead MoreA Critical Comparison of Gothic Architecture in Italy, France and Germany1091 Words à |à 5 Pagesbecome closer to God. The worshipper was not only drawn to the altar, but experienced an ascent to heaven at the same time.1 These artistic gems are a grand testament to historical technology and the imaginative approach and vision of skilled craftsmen. The gothic style is one of the most extraordinary achievements in European history, typically characterized by slender, vertical piers, counterbalancing buttresses, vaulting, pointed arches and stained glass. The strength of a gothic buildingRead MoreDesign Of The Bauhaus The Great Revolution Essay2199 Words à |à 9 PagesFeininer for the outline, a full-page woodcut of a Gothic Catholic church. The outline of the publication date is April 1919. The first goal of the Bauhaus was to save all those artifacts that had been left to the world for a long time, to train future craftsmen, painters and sculptors, to unite them and to create them. All their skills would be The creation of the process together. The works they create will be architecture, because, according to the Declaration of the opening statement of the loud, allRead MoreThe Development Of Gothic Architecture1515 Words à |à 7 Pagesyear. His account is backed by modern historiansââ¬â¢ research and findings. His account also shows how master craftsmen worked with their employers in this time. It talks about a certain builder who talked to his employer and showed his plan to prevent further fire damage to the building. This shows a sense of people skills, enough so that he could convince the owners to think the way he did. These medieval castles and cathedrals followed some of the same principles. Most of the castles were built overlookingRead MoreBoth, Gramazio and Kohler, seem to satisfy a more holistic view of Richard Sennett ideas. They seem1100 Words à |à 5 Pagesto map out the sequence of construction onto a programmed process Gramazio and Kohler gain immediate control over digital fabrication. Hence, instead of being mere designers of the form of the product that will ultimately be produced they become masters of the production process itself. Both, design and execution are merged together to provide a direct impact on the final product. They are no longer in a temporal sequence and the idea becomes converted into an execution drawing instantly. The designRead More Andrew Carnegie Essay1249 Words à |à 5 PagesHe also had a brother, Tom. The main income for the geographic location where h e grew up was weaving linen. The people who engaged in this type of employment considered this an art since it had relatively unchanged since medieval times. Andrews father was one of those craftsmen. Since there had been so little change in this type of work, they were really caught off guard when machine production came around. For some, this industrialization was good. The Carnegies were lead to believe that this wasRead MoreThe Transition from Feudalism to the Renaissance5428 Words à |à 22 Pagesof the population raised crops for food or clothing or tended sheep for wool and clothing. Custom and tradition are the keys to understanding medieval relationships. In place of laws as we know them today, the custom of the manor governed. There was no strong central authority in the Middle Ages that could have enforced a system of laws. The entire medieval organization was based on a system of mutual obligations and services up and down the hierarchy. Possession or use of the land obligated one toRead MoreIndia s Growth Of Insurance Business1762 Words à |à 8 Pages(disability, death, flooding etc.). In Medieval Period In the dark and middle ages, most craftsmen were trained through the guild system. Apprentices spent their childhoods working for masters for little or no pay. Once they became masters themselves, they paid dues to the guild and trained their own apprentices. The wealthier guilds had large coffers that acted as a type of insurance fund. If a masterââ¬â¢s practice burned down, a common occurrence in the wooden hovels of medieval Europe, the guild would rebuildRead MoreImagine A Stern, Frightening Boss On A Comedic Tv Show.1489 Words à |à 6 Pagescalled personnel departments. The purpose for these personnel departments was for them to look into wages and the welfare of the factory workers. However, the utilization of ââ¬Å"arrangements made for the welfare of apprentices working with master craftsmenâ⬠during Medieval Times led to the official personnel departments in the Industrial Revolution era. Because most workers were working long hours with no overtime pay and worke d in extremely unhygienic environments, employees began to riot. The government
Wednesday, January 1, 2020
The United States Has Engaged In Numerous International
The United States has engaged in numerous international interventions in the Middle East. The two major events that have shaped the politics of U.S. foreign policy, Israel, and the Arab states are the Suez Crisis of 1956 and the Six Day War of 1967. President Eisenhower and President Johnson each took different approaches while confronting these crises. The personalities, motives and predispositions of the Presidents and their circle of closest advisors explain how they shaped their policies and how they responded to the events. The decisions these Presidents made have had a long-lasting effect on the region. Over the course of this paper, I will compare Eisenhowerââ¬â¢s policies in the 1956 Suez Crisis and Johnsonââ¬â¢s policies in the 1967 Sixâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Furthermore, Eisenhower opposed the use of forceââ¬âthe U.S. sought a diplomatic solution to the problem. Unlike the U.S., Britain and France viewed Nasserââ¬â¢s action as a threat to their national interests, which led to Operation Musketeer, involving Israel. On October 26, 1956, when the United States learned of Israelââ¬â¢s military mobilization, President Eisenhower personally sent messages to Israeli Prime Minister Ben Gurion asking Israel to not take any action that would endanger the peace. However, on October 29, 1956, Israel attacked the Egyptian army, taking control of the Sinai and the Straits of Tiran. Britain, France, and Israel kept the operation secret from the United States. Eisenhower felt personally insulted by his alliesââ¬âUK and Franceââ¬âfor disregarding the Tripartite Agreement of 1950 and Operation Musketeer. ââ¬Å"As a professional solider, he understood and did not rule out the use of forceâ⬠(Lenczowski, 48). In response to these developments, Eisenhower used economic threats to force his British, French, and Israeli allies to withdraw from Egypt. Eisenhower valued the UN system and international law, which explains why he took aggre ssive action to resolve the conflict through the UN. In a resolution, the U.S. called for an immediate ceasefire and the evacuation of Israeli, French, and British forces from Egypt under the supervision of a special United Nations force. As Lenczowski put it, ââ¬Å"Johnsonââ¬â¢s presidencyShow MoreRelatedThe War During The Cold War Essay1408 Words à |à 6 PagesAs the Second World War came to a close and American and Soviet forces marched into German territory, both states understood that shortly thereafter their common foe would be defeated and their relationship very well could deteriorate. 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